{"id":29097,"date":"2026-05-06T13:59:46","date_gmt":"2026-05-06T13:59:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.futurismo.pt\/blog\/\/"},"modified":"2026-05-06T13:59:47","modified_gmt":"2026-05-06T13:59:47","slug":"do-dolphins-smell-scientific-fact-check","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/staging.futurismo.pt\/fr\/blog\/les-dauphins-sentent-ils-quelque-chose\/","title":{"rendered":"Les dauphins sentent-ils ? | Les dauphins sentent-ils quelque chose ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les dauphins comptent parmi les cr\u00e9atures les plus intelligentes de notre plan\u00e8te, et pourtant nous ne savons pas grand-chose \u00e0 leur sujet. L'une des questions que se posent de nombreux biologistes ou simples passionn\u00e9s de la mer est de savoir si les dauphins ont un odorat. Cet article de blog a pour but de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 cette question et de permettre aux lecteurs et aux scientifiques de mieux comprendre ces majestueuses cr\u00e9atures marines.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Adaptations sensorielles des animaux marins et leur utilisation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Les animaux marins poss\u00e8dent de nombreux types de syst\u00e8mes sensoriels qui varient d'une esp\u00e8ce \u00e0 l'autre et qui sont essentiels \u00e0 leur survie. Parmi les r\u00e9cepteurs sensoriels pr\u00e9sents chez les animaux marins figurent l'\u00e9coute passive, l'haptosence et le syst\u00e8me de la ligne lat\u00e9rale. L'\u00e9cholocation est \u00e9galement une adaptation sensorielle importante chez les c\u00e9tac\u00e9s odontoc\u00e8tes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Variabilit\u00e9 des adaptations sensorielles dans les diff\u00e9rents habitats<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le degr\u00e9 de d\u00e9pendance de chaque esp\u00e8ce \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de chaque adaptation sensorielle d\u00e9pend de sa strat\u00e9gie de vie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale. En outre, l'habitat dans lequel elles ont tendance \u00e0 vivre, comme la haute mer ou les eaux c\u00f4ti\u00e8res, joue un r\u00f4le important. Les diff\u00e9rences entre les eaux peu profondes et les eaux profondes, ainsi qu'entre les eaux claires et les eaux troubles, influencent \u00e9galement leurs adaptations sensorielles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La perception sensorielle aide un individu \u00e0 d\u00e9tecter les objets de son environnement physique, y compris la nourriture, les proies et les pr\u00e9dateurs. Elle permet \u00e9galement d'identifier les signaux de communication et de discerner les partenaires sociaux. Par exemple, les sens auditifs sont tr\u00e8s d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s chez les dauphins et les baleines, ce qui leur permet de
Les phoques et les otaries sont capables d'\u00e9couter les signaux \u00e9mis par d'autres membres de leur groupe ou par des partenaires potentiels, ainsi que par des proies potentielles. En outre, les phoques et les otaries ont une haptosence tr\u00e8s d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e. Celle-ci est d\u00e9duite des longues moustaches sensibles situ\u00e9es sur leur visage et leur permet de d\u00e9tecter les perturbations dans l'eau.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"L'otarie
Clark, 2016 | L'otarie des Gal\u00e1pagos montre ses longues vibrisses en prenant le soleil.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

L'\u00e9cholocation est \u00e9galement une adaptation bien connue et largement appr\u00e9ci\u00e9e, \u00e0 laquelle de nombreuses esp\u00e8ces font appel pour d\u00e9tecter leurs proies et s'orienter dans leur environnement. Cette forme de r\u00e9ception sensorielle est extr\u00eamement fascinante. Elle illustre l'une des nombreuses adaptations \u00e9volutives inconcevables que les mammif\u00e8res ont subies au cours des millions d'ann\u00e9es qui se sont \u00e9coul\u00e9es depuis qu'ils ont r\u00e9int\u00e9gr\u00e9 les milieux aquatiques. L'\u00e9cholocation consiste \u00e0 \u00e9mettre de br\u00e8ves impulsions sonores, ou clics, puis \u00e0 \u00e9couter les \u00e9chos qui reviennent pour cr\u00e9er une carte auditive de leur environnement.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"image-1.jpg\"
Lubis, 2016 | Diagramme montrant les m\u00e9canismes d'\u00e9cholocation des grands dauphins. Les lignes rouges pleines repr\u00e9sentent les clics \u00e9mis par le dauphin, et les lignes rouges pointill\u00e9es repr\u00e9sentent l'\u00e9cho des clics qui ont rebondi sur le poisson et sont interpr\u00e9t\u00e9s par l'oreille interne du dauphin.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Olfaction des mammif\u00e8res marins<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Comment les animaux marins sentent-ils ? Eh bien, c'est un peu diff\u00e9rent pour les animaux aquatiques que pour les organismes terrestres. Chez les organismes terrestres, les odeurs en suspension dans l'air se dissolvent dans le mucus qui recouvre la cavit\u00e9 nasale et se lient \u00e0 des prot\u00e9ines sp\u00e9ciales qui envoient des signaux au cerveau par l'interm\u00e9diaire du nerf cr\u00e2nien I (CN I). C'est ainsi que l'on peut sentir. Cependant, le nerf cr\u00e2nien I semble \u00e9galement \u00eatre actif en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 des stimuli d'origine aquatique, ce qui prouve que la sensation d'odorat est possible sous l'eau pour certaines esp\u00e8ces. L'eau \u00e9tant plus dense que l'air, elle peut transporter les substances chimiques plus loin que l'air, ce qui permet aux stimuli chimiques (odeurs) de parcourir de grandes distances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parmi les animaux marins capables de sentir, on peut citer les marsouins, les mystic\u00e8tes, les poissons cartilagineux et bien d'autres organismes que nous n'avons peut-\u00eatre pas encore d\u00e9couverts ! Cependant, les mystic\u00e8tes pr\u00e9sentent l'int\u00e9r\u00eat de ne pouvoir d\u00e9tecter les odeurs que dans l'air, et non dans l'eau. Cela signifie que leur syst\u00e8me olfactif n'est pas tr\u00e8s utile dans leurs activit\u00e9s quotidiennes, mais qu'il doit \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 s'ils veulent sentir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et bien s\u00fbr, les requins ont un odorat tr\u00e8s fin, qui leur permet de traquer leurs proies \u00e0 des centaines de m\u00e8tres de distance. Les substances chimiques lib\u00e9r\u00e9es par les carcasses de baleines en d\u00e9composition ou par le chum des poissons peuvent donc \u00eatre per\u00e7ues par les requins, indiquant qu'un repas est disponible. Les poissons cartilagineux poss\u00e8dent deux organes sp\u00e9ciaux sur la t\u00eate, capables de d\u00e9tecter les substances chimiques pr\u00e9sentes dans l'eau, \u00e0 l'endroit o\u00f9 l'eau coule dans le nez du poisson.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"Image
Ocean First Institute, 2023 | Image d'un requin de r\u00e9cif avec sa narine, ou nare, \u00e9tiquet\u00e9e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Lorsque le poisson avance, l'eau qui passe par son nez cr\u00e9e une diff\u00e9rence de pression,
qui l'aide \u00e0 d\u00e9tecter les odeurs dans l'eau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chimio-sensoriel chez les dauphins : Les dauphins sentent-ils vraiment ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Les c\u00e9tac\u00e9s ont perdu un nombre important de leurs r\u00e9cepteurs olfactifs au cours de l'\u00e9volution, et les odontoc\u00e8tes en particulier ont connu la plus grande perte de ces organes sensoriels, y compris le tractus olfactif, le bulbe et le CN I. Donc, pour faire simple, les dauphins ne peuvent pas sentir de la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re que les poissons cartilagineux peuvent sentir les odeurs aquatiques, mais ils ont leur propre m\u00e9canisme d'interpr\u00e9tation de ces odeurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La gustation chez les dauphins : comment les dauphins go\u00fbtent-ils ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Les dauphins poss\u00e8dent un troisi\u00e8me sens chimique, l'organe vom\u00e9ronasal, situ\u00e9 \u00e0 la base du nez. Bien que ses conduits s'ouvrent derri\u00e8re les incisives de la bouche, l'organe peut percevoir des stimuli sur le palais et essentiellement \u201cgo\u00fbter\u201d ces odeurs par le biais d'impulsions transmises par le CN V de la cavit\u00e9 buccale au cerveau. Cette perception est d\u00e9sormais appel\u00e9e quasi-olfaction et pourrait constituer le cha\u00eenon manquant que les chercheurs recherchent dans la r\u00e9ception chimiosensorielle des dauphins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des recherches ont montr\u00e9 que les dauphins peuvent interpr\u00e9ter (ou go\u00fbter) les saveurs aigres, am\u00e8res et sal\u00e9es, ce qui leur permet de d\u00e9tecter dans l'eau diverses substances chimiques lib\u00e9r\u00e9es par leurs proies, leurs pr\u00e9dateurs ou leurs compagnons.
(comme l'urine et les excr\u00e9ments). En outre, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que les dauphins sont capables de faire la distinction entre diff\u00e9rentes saveurs et de s'approcher d'une source de nourriture pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9e, ce qui constitue un autre exemple de \u201cd\u00e9gustation d'odeurs\u201d. Il est \u00e9galement probable que les dauphins ne puissent d\u00e9tecter ces produits chimiques et ces saveurs qu'\u00e0 courte distance, ce qui les rend utiles uniquement dans des situations de proximit\u00e9 plut\u00f4t qu'\u00e0 de plus grandes distances.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"Grand
Oc\u00e9an am\u00e9ricain 2023 Grand dauphin<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

En conclusion, la r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 la question de savoir si les dauphins peuvent sentir n'est pas un oui ou un non clair et d\u00e9finitif. Il s'agit plut\u00f4t d'un domaine de recherche marine tr\u00e8s complexe et mal compris, qui n\u00e9cessite des recherches plus approfondies pour obtenir des donn\u00e9es solides. Ce que nous savons, c'est que si les dauphins manquent de sens olfactif, ils le compensent par leurs sens buccaux. Le syst\u00e8me sensoriel de ces cr\u00e9atures majestueuses continue de nous fasciner et, \u00e0 mesure que la technologie et la recherche progressent, nous esp\u00e9rons obtenir davantage de r\u00e9ponses sur nos amis aquatiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • Bouchard, B., Barnagaud, J. Y., Verborgh, P., Gauffier, P., Campagna, S., & C\u00e9l\u00e9rier, A. (2021). Une \u00e9tude de terrain des sens chimiques chez les grands dauphins et les globic\u00e9phales. The Anatomical Record, 305(3), 668-679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.24703<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Les requins peuvent-ils vraiment sentir une goutte de sang \u00e0 un kilom\u00e8tre de distance ? Ocean First Institute. (2023). Consult\u00e9 le 8 mai 2023 sur https:\/\/www.oceanfirstinstitute.org\/what-we-do\/research\/citizen-science-project\/<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Clark, S. (2016, 21 ao\u00fbt). Les Beach Bums des Galapagos. Sur les traces de Darwin. Consult\u00e9 le 8 mai 2023 sur http:\/\/darwinsfootsteps.com\/the-beach-bums-of-the-galapagos\/#prettyPhoto<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Kishida, T., Thewissen, J. G. M., Hayakawa, T., Imai, H. et Agata, K. (2015). Adaptation aquatique et \u00e9volution de l'odorat et du go\u00fbt chez les baleines. Zoological Letters, 1(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40851-014-0002-z<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Klimley, A. P. (2012). G\u00e9n\u00e9tique des requins, des raies. Biologie des requins et de leurs proches, 503-520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/b11867-25<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Kremers, D., C\u00e9l\u00e9rier, A., Schaal, B., Campagna, S., Trabalon, M., B\u00f6ye, M., Hausberger, M., & Lemasson, A. (2016). La perception sensorielle chez les c\u00e9tac\u00e9s : Part II-promising experimental approaches to study chemoreception in dolphins. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fevo.2016.00050<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Kremers, D., C\u00e9l\u00e9rier, A., Schaal, B., Campagna, S., Trabalon, M., B\u00f6ye, M., Hausberger, M., & Lemasson, A. (2016). La perception sensorielle chez les c\u00e9tac\u00e9s : Part I-current knowledge about dolphin senses as a representative species. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fevo.2016.00049<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Lubis , M. Z. (2016). Comportement et \u00e9cholocation des grands dauphins indo-pacifiques m\u00e2les (pp. 21-27). LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.1.4603.7520<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Perrin, W. F., W\u00fcrsig Bernd G., & Thewissen, J. G. M. (2002). Encyclop\u00e9die des mammif\u00e8res marins (deuxi\u00e8me). Academic Press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Que mangent les grands dauphins ? American Oceans. (2021, 18 f\u00e9vrier). Consult\u00e9 le 8 mai 2023 sur https:\/\/www.americanoceans.org\/facts\/what-do-bottlenose-dolphins-eat\/<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Dolphins are some of the most intelligent creatures on our planet, yet we still don\u2019t know a lot about them. One question many biologists, or just average marine enthusiasts, have is whether dolphins can smell. This blog post aims to answer this question and provide readers and scientists alike with a deeper understanding of these […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5720,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-29097","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-wildlife"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDo Dolphins Smell? | Scientific Fact Check [2026]\ud83d\udc2c\ud83d\udd2c<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Do Dolphins Smell? 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